• Project perpendicular to plane
• Known to Egyptians and Greeks 2000 years ago
• Severe distortion at edges
• Looks like globe

• Conformal
• Projected from point at center on "back" of the globe
• 2d century BC

• 1772

• Project perpendicular to plane
• Known to Egyptians and Greeks 2000 years ago
• Severe distortion at edges
• Looks like globe

• Conformal
• Projected from point at center on "back" of the globe
• 2d century BC

• 1772

• Simplest and oldest
• dates 200 BC or 100 AD
• Also called equirectangular projection, equidirectional projection,  geographic projection, plate carrée or carte parallelogrammatique projection
• In ArcGIS this is the GCS projection
• Other than as a quick and dirty map of the world, this has no redeeming geometrical characteristics, and should never be used for large scale maps.

• Based on cylinder
• Conformal
• Straight rhumb lines, parallels, and meridians
• Poles at infinity
• 1569

• Parallel spacing decreases toward poles, by Cos(Lat)
• Shows poles (but distorted)
• Lambert, 1772

Lambert's latitude of no distortion was the equator.  Others have suggested different latitudes (the "central latitude" of the projection):

• Gall, 45º
• Behrmann, 30º
• Edwards, about 37º
• Peters, about 45-47º

Lambert's version is above, the Gall-Peters below. To keep areas equal, note the stretching in one direction compensated by equivalent compression in the other direction.

• Parallel spacing increases toward poles
• Shows poles
• 1942

• This is a projection for Zone 18, and normally would be zoomed in to show a much smaller area.
• The central meridian is zone 18 runs north south, and the others converge--to the east on the left side of the map, and to the west on the right.

• Based on cone
• Straight meridians, curved parallels
• Very close to also being equal area for a region like the continental US

• Based on cone
• Straight meridians, curved parallels
• Very close to also being conformal for a region like the continental US

• Pseudocylincrical
• Equal area
• since mid 16th century

• Pseudocylincrical
• 1805

• Entire globe inside a circle
• All meridians and parallels are arcs of circles (except equator and central meridian, which are straight lines or infinite circles)
• 1904

• Modified Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area (halve vertical coordinates, and show more meridians to have entire globe visible)
• Remains equal area
• 1892