Climate records, data tables and graphs: 

• https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/
• Consolidated US government climate data: https://www.data.gov/climate/
• WMO, worldwide station data: ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals
• ICOADS: http://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds540.0/  International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) Release 2.5, Individual Observations
• http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/ 
• http://www.weather.gov/climate/index.php
• ESA CCI (Climate change initiative): http://cci.esa.int/
• FAO Aquastat Potential evapotranspiration
• http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/reanalysis/reanalysis.shtml can give monthly fields of weather data (such as wind vectors)
• http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/
• Koppen
• Ship logs
• NASA Earth Observatory: https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/global-maps can download Geotiffs, data from 2000-2020
• CRU_CL_2_0: New, M., Lister, D., Hulme, M. and Makin, I., 2002: A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas. Climate Research 21:1-25
• http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/shifts.htm: Current climate and shifts 1900 to 2100, 0.5 minute grid.    Rubel, F., and M. Kottek, 2010: Observed and projected climate shifts 1901-2100 depicted by world maps of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. Meteorol. Z., 19, 135-141. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2010/0430.
• WorldClim: Global grids of 7 parameters, 30" to 10' spacing, both for the current world (1970-2000; https://www.worldclim.org/data/worldclim21.html) and future CMIP6 projections (4 20 year time periods out to 2100;  https://www.worldclim.org/data/cmip6/cmip6climate.html
• ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/   1961-1990 Climate Normals
• PRISM grids from Oregon State
• CHIRPS:
  • 0.05 degree grids, 50N to 50S,
  • 1981 to present
  • daily to annual
  • https://www.chc.ucsb.edu/data/chirps
  • http://chg-wiki.geog.ucsb.edu/wiki/CHIRPS_FAQ  
• Global maps of a dozen or so parameters, can download in Geotiff (0.1 to 1 degree resolution) http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/?eocn=topnav&eoci=globalmaps
• Climate and economic data: http://www.wri.org/our-work/project/cait-climate-data-explorer
• CMIP5 Global Climate Change Viewer  http://regclim.coas.oregonstate.edu/gccv/
• US Climate normals
  • https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/us-climate-normals
  • https://ncei-normals-mapper.rcc-acis.org/

National Weather Service

• Shapefiles: https://www.weather.gov/gis/NWS_Shapefile
• Precip: http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ridge2/RFC_Precip/  grid with about 4 km resolution

NDFD--NWS National Digital Forecast DataBase

• Home Page: http://ndfd.weather.gov/technical.htm
• Using in a GIS (floating point grids and shapfiles):
  • https://www.weather.gov/mdl/ndfd_GIS_tutorial (may be more current; shows how to get a shapefile, and then use in ArcGIS, but MICRODEM or QGIS should be just as good))
  • http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ndfd/gis/ndfd_GIS_tutorial.html

Hurricane GIS data

• Best source, GIS formats, current weather: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/gis/
• IBTrACS version 4  https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ibtracs/index.php?name=ib-v4-access
• http://coast.noaa.gov/hurricanes/?redirect=301ocm  (web maps, download button at upper right; none of the formats are ideal for GIS)
• USGS hurricane: http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/hurricanes/index.html
• NOAA hurricane center: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ (especially the historical information at https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/ )
• http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqG.html (G11 to G14)

Tornadoes, Hail, Wind (1950's on)

• http://www.spc.noaa.gov/gis/svrgis/   (also http://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/#data )

Snow

• Snow coverage--KML files
• https://www.globsnow.info/  data in Matlab and netcdf, which can be opened in QGIS and converted to Geotiff